How many times have you dialed a potential client’s number, heard his or her voice mail and promptly hung up?  Leaving a recorded message is very intimidating not only to  non-native  but also to native English speakers. Therefore, it is important that before you make a phone call,  you have a written script or outline ready.  You never know if you’ll be connected to the person you’re calling or to his or her voice mail.  Moreover, you need to pay attention to your voice mail greeting message; it needs to be clear and professional.  For someone calling you for the first time, this message is his or her first impression of you and your firm, and as we all know, we only get one chance to make a good first impression.  Thus, use this communication technology with care, or you will unwittingly leave a bad impression.

• When you record a greeting for your voice mail system, remember that you are at work and not at home. You want to leave a greeting that would be understood by most business callers. Here’s an example:

“This is Henry Johnson in the Accounts Payable Department at ……………….. Please leave me a message, and I’ll return your call as soon as possible.   Thank you.”

• Leaving a clear and concise message is possible if you prepare what you want to say in advance. Therefore, when you call someone, always be prepared to leave a voice mail message if he or she is not there.

• Speak slowly and distinctly.
• Leave your name and telephone number. Your voice may not be recognizable to the recipient, and your call cannot be returned if your telephone number is unclear.
• Indicate why you are calling.
• Leave a short message that is direct and to the point.
• Keep your message friendly, but don’t forget professionalism
• Indicate when you will be in the office to receive the return telephone call.

•   Use voice mail as a way of informing a person that other communications are waiting or coming, since voice mail users frequently check voice mail more often than e-mail or the fax machine.

Remember, when you get a message on your voice mail system, return it the same day, if possible, or the next morning.

The following site can help you further your study of telephone communication:

 http://esl.about.com/od/businessspeakingskills/a/t_message.htm

To: parkhotelres@parkhotel.com
From: Jsmith@xyzlaw.com

Subject: Hotel reservation

Dear Sirs:
I need the reservation for the large conference room for Sunday, November28. Please let me know if an room is available.

Thank you,

J. Smith
XYZ Law Firm
Dallas, TX

The English articles are among the trickiest words for non-native English speakers to master. They appear in just about every English sentence and play an important role in maintaining successful communication. In business communication, where writing to an international public is often necessary, using articles correctly is especially important. How many times do you find yourself not sure whether you are using the English articles correctly in your business correspondences? If you continually make errors in article usage, such as in the above example, you may create a negative effect on those who are reading your e-mails, letters or memos. Your readers may think that you have an imperfect control of the language and lower their opinions of your professionalism.

• To better understand the meaning of the English articles and when to use them, you need to understand the concepts of definiteness and specificity

1. What does it mean to say that something is definite or indefinite?

Something is definite when it is known, familiar, unique, or identified to the speaker and the hearer. Something is indefinite when it is novel, unfamiliar, or assumed to be identified by the hearer.

If the noun is definite, use the; if not,

use a, an, some, or no article.

In the above e-mail, J. Smith inquires about the availability of a conference room. She erroneously uses the definite article the instead of the indefinite a. The potential ‘reservation’ is still novel and unfamiliar as is the ‘conference room’. Therefore, the indefinite article should have preceded both nouns.

2. What makes a noun or noun phrase specific or nonspecific?

A specific noun phrase is one in which the identity of individual member(s) is clear.

A nonspecific noun phrase is one where the identity of a member of the set is not clear.

a. Use the when you know or assume that your listener is familiar with and thinking about the same specific thing or person you are talking about. When you say you want the book, you’re implying one particular book, even if you haven’t named it. The introduces both singular and plural nouns or noun phrases.

b. A and an are more general in meaning, and they work only with singular nouns. If you want a book, you’re willing to read any book. A comes before words that begin with consonants, and an comes before words beginning with vowels.

• The English articles function as adjectives to indicate ‘which one’. In other words, they point out or introduce a noun. In order to know which articles, if any, to use, you need to understand what type of noun they introduce.

§ There are two classes of nouns, proper nouns and common nouns. Proper nouns are words that name a specific person, place, thing or idea. For example, Tom and New York are proper nouns. A proper noun has two distinctive features: it will name a specific [usually a one-of-a-kind] item, and it will begin with a capital letter no matter where it occurs in a sentence. Common nouns, on the other hand, do not name a specific person, place, thing or idea. For instance, secretary and company are common nouns.

§ Common nouns are further classified into count and noncount. Words that can be counted are called count while words that cannot be counted and describe things as wholes are called noncount. For example, the noun, report, as in I need to finish my report today is a count noun because you can count reports. On the other hand, the noun, weather, as in the weather is mild today is noncount because you cannot count weather; rather, weather is described as a whole. Another thing to keep in mind concerning count and noncount nouns is that count nouns can take either the singular or plural form while noncount nouns take only the singular form.

• More facts about article usage

• Use the article a or an before a singular noun. Use an before a vowel sound. The vowels are a, e, i, o, u. Do not use the article a or an before a plural noun
• Introduce a singular noun with the indefinite articles a or an. When you refer to this noun again, use the definite article the. Use the before a singular noun if this noun is the only one or if the speaker and listener share an experience and are referring to the same one.
• Introduce a plural noun with some, any or no article. When you refer to this noun again, use the definite article the.
• Do not use the with a plural count noun (e.g., apples) or a noncount noun (e.g., gold) when you are making a generalization.

 Incorrect:  The apples are my favorite fruit.

Correct:     Apples are my favorite fruit.

Incorrect:  The gold is a metal.

Correct:     Gold is a metal.

• The following websites can help you further your study of English articles:

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/540/01/

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/esl/eslart.html

• The modal auxiliaries in English are: can, could, had better, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, and would.
  

For many speakers of English as a second or foreign language, modals can be quite confusing. For one thing, they express a speaker’s attitudes, or “moods.” As we all know, you need to have a high emotional and social I.Q. to be able to understand someone’s attitudes or moods in your own language let alone in a second or foreign language. For example, modals not only express that a speaker feels something is necessary, advisable, permissible, possible or probable, but they also convey the strength of these attitudes. Moreover, each modal has more than one meaning and use which further complicates the matter for students of English.

• Virtually all modals can express both logical probability and social interaction.

Understanding the context of a social situation allows you to select the appropriate modal. Let’s use the social context of a meeting. You walk into a conference room full of potential clients and announce that “the meeting may begin now”; you are granting the people in the room permission to begin the meeting. You, therefore, need to be a fairly important person in your organization to be able to grant them permission. Furthermore, the meeting is a formal one; otherwise, you would have used can instead of may for granting permission. In contrast, let’s consider another scenario. Your boss asks you when a certain report will be ready. You answer him that you’ll do your best and that “it may be ready tomorrow”; knowledge of the social situation has little or no effect on the modal you use. What you want to communicate to your boss is that the probability of the report being ready the following day is relatively low.

• The following are some key facts relating to auxiliary modals and phrasal modals:

*Modals never change their form and do not show tense; they do not take a final -ed, -ing or -s.

Correct——–He can type.    He must have been sick.      I might be leaving soon.

Incorrect——*He cans type.        *He musted been sick.     *I mighting leave soon.

*Modals carry the negative of a sentence by adding not or n’t :

Correct——You shouldn’t smoke in the office.

Incorrect—-*You don’t should smoke in the office.

*We don’t use the infinitive to after a modal which is required when two ordinary verbs follow each other in sequence. Instead, a modal is followed immediately by the simple form of a verb.

Modal + Verb                                                Verb + Verb

Correct—- I can go.                                    I want to go.

Incorrect— *I can to go.                               * I want go.

*Every modal has at least one phrasal counterpart, and some modals have several; notice that the phrasal modals are made up of two or more words:

Modal                                                               Phrasal Modal

Can, could                                                       be able to

Will, shall                                                    be going to, be about to

Must                                                                have to, have got to

Should, ought to                                        be to, be supposed to

Would (=past habit)                                         used to

May, might                                               be allowed to, be permitted to

*The subject-verb agreement rule does not apply to modal auxiliaries but does apply to phrasal modals (except for used to). Furthermore, all phrasal modals require that a ‘to‘ infinitive precede the main verb.

She

• is able to

• is going to

• is allowed to                      go to Jerusalem tomorrow.

• has to

• has got to

• Below is a chart of modals expressing various degrees of probability, attitude, politeness or indirectness when making predictions or requests, and giving advice.

• Sites that can help you further your study of English modals:

http://esl.about.com/od/beginningenglish/ig/Basic-English/Modal-Forms.htm

http://waylink.co.uk/?page=3132

http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/GRAMMAR/auxiliary.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/modals/modalintro.html